"Structural dampness is the presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of a building, either the result of intrusion from outside or condensation from within the structure" Wikipedia article, "Damp (structural)", 17/10/20.
Structural dampness can arise from a number of causes. It can be carried in the air as atmospheric humidity, it can break into the building envelope as liquid water precipitation such as via roof leakage and infiltration through damaged walls and, lastly, it can be drawn through the porous nature of the building materials used by either gravity or wicking.
Through judicious use of an adequate ventilation (including sub-floor), heating and air conditioning the wise house owner can limit the levels of humidity and condensation in the building. Similarly by attending to all necessary repairs to the roof, walls and other barriers to the elements infiltration of water via this pathway can be controlled.
Probably the least understood and controlled source of structural dampness are the unseen or 'silent' ones. These can be grouped into two broad areas which could result from direct contact of the walls and foundations of the building with ground water. Water moving under gravity can exert direct pressure to walls and foundations of buildings. Depending on the porosity of the building material and the presence or absence of a waterproofing layer this water can penetrate and both soak the material and penetrate it altogether.
Material which has become damp through either this gravity percolation or through direct contact with moist soil/rock surrounding it can then climb up the walls and other materials through a wicking type action in a process called rising damp. Whatever the origin of this rising damp, things are made much more complicated and difficult to deal with due to the fact that this moisture almost always contains dissolved salts which are deposited in the material through which the water has been drawn.
Structural dampness of any type can lead to a multitude of problems if not promptly attended to. Some more serious issues are;
- The constant sensation of cold and damp which not only affects the comfort of the occupants but which have been implicated in bacterial infections, mite infestation and possibly rheumatic conditions to name a few issues.
- Aesthetically distressing discoloration of walls due to mould growth, water staining and blistering of paint.
- Health effects of mould per se. Mould particles, spores and toxins have been implicated in asthma, allergies, sinus conditions and a host of autoimmune diseases by numerous scientific studies.
- Deterioration of the range of materials making up the building envelope. These can be chemical such as salt damage through re-crystallisation in rising damp or biological, such as dry rot or termite infestation.
Most types of masonry such as brick, stone, paving and to a lesser extent, concrete, contain minute channels throughout their structure which make the material pervious to moisture. Through capillary action water can travel from soil surrounding and in contact with the foundations of a building up through the channels, taking dissolved salts with them (mainly chlorides and nitrates). The height to which water and hence salt will rise in a wall or column due to capillary action can be several metres. It depends on factors such as the diameter and structure of the microscopic channels, the chemical nature of the masonry and the water pressure.
HOW DOES SALT-LADEN WATER DAMAGE MY MASONRY?
When such salt-laden water dries out in the wall it does so at a rate which allows for the growth of salt crystals throughout the micro- structure of the masonry. As these crystals grow they exert gradually increasing pressure on the capillary substructure, leading to fracture and peeling away of the masonry (mortar as well as the stone or brickwork) from its face in large pieces accompanied by fine dust. The dry salt deposited in the wall can also attract moisture from the atmosphere leading to growth of mould.
Most structures built in the last 120 years in Australia had DPC (Damp Proof Course) installed. These are usually made of layers of impervious material (such as 3mm of dense slate) or well-fired brickwork which can disrupt movement of water through capillary action. This is a good defense against rising damp, however, in time a DPC can deteriorate or break-down and fail as a shield to the upward movement of water. In addition, material such as render on or around the wall can lead to a 'bridging' around the DPC, thus allowing rising damp to resume its course.
The universally accepted strategy for preventing rising damp is the introduction of a damp proof course where there is none, or , where deterioration has led to ongoing rising damp, introduction of a replacement barrier.
In the past the new DPC was created by sequential lengthwise removal of mortar across the entire thickness of the wall and placement of thick layers of waterproof material (plastic or metal sheeting). Whilst this method is effective , it is time-consuming and costly and can be prone to bridging due to the limited thickness of the DPC layer(usually the thickness of the mortar bed).
A more cost-effective solution is the injection into the brickwork, stone or mortar of a water repellent liquid which forms a chemical damp course as it completely saturates the cavities in the micro-structure of the mortar.
But what about salt that is already in the wall? As this salt will continue to dry out and dissolve, to do a more thorough job we need to remove it in addition to halting the process of rising damp. This can be accomplished by stripping salt from the wall through the use of a highly effective product called 'Cocoon', that can absorb salt-laden water from the wall.
Cocoon, is simply applied to the wall by trowel or by spraying and left for several weeks to do its work. After this, the dried layer of Cocoon on which salt from the wall has been absorbed, can be easily peeled off and discarded.
Use of Cocoon can in some cases be used as a temporary solution to rising damp to delay the permanent but more-expensive injection of chemical damp course.
We strive to keep abreast of the latest knowledge, equipment and techniques used in dampness restoration. We do this in order to provide the safest, most effective and most economical restoration services to our valued customers.
We place a very high value on rapport and communication with our clients to ensure that we fully understand your problem and can offer a suitable and affordable solution.
Our Services include but are not limited to;
- Dampness Inspection
- Structural drying
-Damp Course Injection
-Crack filling to prevent moisture infiltration via masonry
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